What kind of information is shown on chromosome maps

Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics. Genetics Home Reference has merged with MedlinePlus. Learn more. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? From Genetics Home Reference. Cytogenetic location Geneticists use a standardized way of describing a gene's cytogenetic location. This address is made up of several parts: The chromosome on which the gene can be found.

Topics in the How Genes Work chapter What are proteins and what do they do? How do genes direct the production of proteins? Can genes be turned on and off in cells? What is epigenetics? How do cells divide? This is precisely where the practice of chromosome mapping comes into play. Today, researchers all over the world rely on a regularly updated mapping system that allows them to refer to specific portions of particular chromosomes with extreme accuracy.

This system follows international standards, and it revolves around use of the schematic diagram known as an idiogram , or ideogram. Both spellings of the word are commonly found in scientific literature. Idiograms provide a pictorial reference point that is useful for locating the positions of individual genes on chromosomes, as well as for identifying various abnormalities associated with a range of chromosomal disorders.

Moreover, idiograms enable members of the scientific community to reference important sources, like the Human Genome Project , through a universal vocabulary that allows for quick, clear interpretation. Figure 1 A consistent numbering system for mapping genes on chromosomes is essential for producing relevant idiograms.

In the ISCN scheme, the numbering system for a chromosome begins at its centromere. Chromosomes are assigned a long arm and a short arm, based on the position of their centromeres.

The shorter arm of the chromosome is known as the p, or petite arm, from the French word for "small. Thus, chromosomal regions that are present on the short arm will begin with the designation p, whereas regions on the long arm will begin with q. By convention, the p arm of the chromosome is always shown at the top in a karyotype.

Each arm of the chromosome is then divided into regions, and the numbers assigned to each region get larger as the distance from the centromere to the telomere increases.

Regions are identified by the specific morphological features that are consistently found in a chromosome, such as the presence of prominent Giemsa-staining bands. The regions are named p1, p2, etc. Depending on the resolution of the staining procedure, it may be possible to detect additional bands within each region, which are designated by adding another digit to the number of the region, once again increasing in value as the distance from the centromere increases.

Figure 2. A specific example helps illustrate how the chromosome numbering system works. Figure 1 shows an idiogram for chromosome 12, a medium-sized chromosome with one long and one short arm.

The position of the centromere, which separates the p and q arms, is shown by the hatched area. This particular idiogram depicts the pattern of Giemsa staining at a fairly low resolution i. At this resolution, the long q arm of chromosome 12 can be subdivided into two main regions, which are designated 12q1 and 12q2. Region 12q1 can be further subdivided into five subregions, designated 12q11 through 12q15, each of which corresponds to a band detected by Giemsa staining. Orally, these subdivisions are referred to as "12q one-one" through "12q one-five" not as "12q eleven" through "12q fifteen".

The more distal 12q2 region can be subdivided into subregions 12q21 through 12q In addition, subregion 12q24 can be further subdivided into regions 12q Higher resolution views of the chromosome can be obtained if staining is done while the chromosomes are in prometaphase and are less condensed.

At this higher level of resolution, approximately bands can be distinguished in a karyotype. As Figure 2 illustrates, additional subdivisions can be detected in all of the regions on chromosome 12 under these conditions. Once a defect has been associated with a particular chromosomal position by traditional cytogenetics , investigators are often interested in identifying candidate genes within that region that may be responsible for the symptoms displayed by a patient.

The HGP data provide a map of all human chromosomes at single-nucleotide resolution, and the positions of individual genes have been correlated with specific bands detected on high-resolution idiograms of individual chromosomes. Indeed, the Graphic Chromosome Map Viewer available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information provides a simple link between the cytogenetic and sequence data. As scientists work to correlate specific genes with specific chromosomal bands, idiograms are becoming increasingly important.

Idiograms ensure consistent identification of regions within chromosomes, thereby enabling consistent dialogue and easy cross-referencing between individual samples and reference sources. They also provide links between structural abnormalities and the individual genes correlated with various diseases or syndromes.

Thus, idiograms are essential to our ability to organize genomic information as we move into an increasingly molecular era of cytogenetics. Braude, P. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Nature Reviews Genetics 3 , — doi Scherer, S. Mapping is the construction of a series of chromosome descriptions that depict the position and spacing of unique, identifiable biochemical landmarks, including some genes, that occur on the DNA of chromosomes.

In , DOE initiated projects to enrich the developing chromosome maps with markers for genes. In , the effort was transferred to HudsonAlpha.

Numerous other institutes and identities have undertaken mapping efforts. For a more detailed explanation of mapping, see the U. Primary goals were to discover the complete set of human genes and make them accessible for further biological study, and determine the complete sequence of DNA bases in the human genome. See Timeline for more HGP history. Published from until , this newsletter facilitated HGP communication, helped prevent duplication of research effort, and informed persons interested in genome research.

Unless otherwise noted, publications and webpages on this site were created for the U.